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Saturday 20 June 2015

HITTITES, EXPANSION OF

The Hittites probably originated northeast of the Caucasus. They migrated into Asia Minor circa 1900 B.C.E. and established a kingdom. They occupied the Anatolian plateau, ultimately extending their influence toward Syria. Their migration may have pushed other populations southward, creating the Hyksos invasion of Egypt. The Hittites probably took their name from the Plain of Hatti, which they occupied and upon which they imposed their culture and Indo-European language. Their first conquest was the town of Nesa (near modern Kayseri, Turkey), followed by the capture of Hattusha (near modern Bogazkoy).

Little is known of them until the seventeenth century B.C.E., when Labarna (ruled circa 1680–1650) established the Old Hittite Kingdom and set up his capital at Hattusha. Labarna was the first major conqueror for the Hittites, spreading their control throughout Anatolia to the coast. His successors pushed their borders southward to Syria. Mursili (or Mushilish) raided deep into the Old Babylonian Empire, captured Aleppo, and set the kingdom’s southern boundary in Syria. This proved to be the extent of their conquest, for they spent the next two centuries quelling internal disturbances and fighting the Mitanni of upper Mesopotamia.

Around 1500 B.C.E., the kingdom returned to some stability under the leadership of Telipinu, who laid down strict succession guidelines and possibly established a law code. Some 50 years later, the New Hittite Kingdom was established. The Hittites had just suffered a defeat at the hands of Egyptian pharaoh Thutmosis III and had begun paying them tribute. One of the key figures in the New Kingdom was Suppiluliuma (Shubbiluliu), who seized power about 1380 B.C.E., reestablished Hittite authority in Anatolia, and defeated the Mitanni. He was unable to defeat the Egyptians, however, and the two powers remained rivals for the next century. During a time of Egyptian weakness under Akhenaton, the Hittites made gains in Lebanon at Egyptian expense; they also spread their power to the Aegean, Armenia, and Upper Mesopotamia.

The key battle in the ongoing conflict with Egypt took place in 1294 B.C.E. at Kadesh, on the Orontes River. Pharaoh Rameses II led his army of Numidian mercenaries north to force his will on the Hittites once and for all. He captured two Hittite deserters, who informed him that their army was still many days’ march away, so Rameses rode ahead of his army to set up camp near Kadesh. The two prisoners had been planted by the Hittite king Muwatallis, and the pharaoh, without most of his troops, was attacked by the Hittite army. Rameses fought bravely until his men arrived, and their appearance forced a Hittite retreat into the city of Kadesh. Without siege equipment, Rameses could not force their surrender, so he withdrew. Shortly thereafter, the two nations signed a peace agreement: The Egyptians recognized Hittite sovereignty in Syria in return for Hittite recognition of Egyptian dominance in Palestine. The alliance was sealed by a dynastic marriage, and the two nations remained at peace until the fall of the Hittite Empire, which came at the hands of the “Peoples of the Sea,” about 1200 B.C.E

The Hittite legacy showed itself in a mixed culture in the region of northern Syria. Some of their written and spoken language remained in the region, as did their last remaining city-states, which were ultimately overrun by the Arameans (forerunners of modern Syrians) and then by the Assyrians in the eighth century B.C.E. The Hittites used both cuneiform writing adopted from Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics influenced by Egypt, and their formal political writings were in Akkadian. They had a highly developed literature and historical writing. Their main strength lay in their administration; their law codes were based on those of Babylon, but depended less on retribution than on compensation. Their artwork, though recognizable as their own, was heavily influenced by Babylon, as was much of their pantheon. The Hittites are believed to have been the first to smelt iron, which would account for some of their military superiority at a time when their enemies, especially Egypt, were still using bronze. Apparently, it did not prove a sufficient advantage to save their civilization from invasion.

See also Assyrian Empire; Egypt, Hyksos Invasion of. 

References: Ceram, C. W, The Secret of the Hittites, trans. Richard Winston and Clara Winston (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956); Lehman, Johannes, The Hittites: People of a Thousand Gods, trans. J. M. Brownjohn (New York: Viking Press, 1977); MacQueen, J. G., The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor (London: Thames & Hudson, 1968).

THE ANCIENT WORLD - ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

The first strong Assyrian state was formed in the late Bronze Age in the wake of the decline of the Mitanni, a confederation of tribes living along the upper reaches of the Tigris River. In the fourteenth century B.C.E., Ashururballit led his people in an expansion westward, during which they came to control the upper arch of the Fertile Crescent for approximately a century. The Assyrians ran up against the power of Aram (situated in modern-day Syria), which blocked their access to western trade routes. Still, the early success coupled with the continued fighting against Aram made the Assyrian army strong and experienced, able to defend itself and mount major raids far to the south and west. With this powerful military, Assyria dominated the Near East by the 900s B.C.E.

Initially, the Assyrians’ main objective was to expand to the Mediterranean coast in order to control the major trade routes of ancient times. Assyrian armies finally overcame the resistance of nations led by Aram, and they captured the major city of Damascus in 732 B.C.E. Old Testament accounts tell of Assyrian attacks into Samaria and Judah, and fighting against the Egyptians. Assyria established empire status under the leadership of Sargon II (722–705 B.C.E.), who named himself after the Sumerian leader Sargon the Great, the first well-known conqueror. Sargon II’s son Sennacherib maintained the lands his father had conquered, and raided Asia Minor after 700 B.C.E. Sennacherib established control over Phoenician towns on the Mediterranean coast all the way to the Egyptian frontier. The last of the great emperors was Esarhaddon (681–668 B.C.E.), who came to the throne by murdering his father, Sennacherib. To secure his frontiers, Esarhaddon coupled diplomacy with warfare. He entered into agreements with the Medes to the east and the Cimmerians to the north, but also invaded Egypt, a nation seemingly always in rebellion against the Assyrian demands for tribute. By the end of Esarhaddon’s reign, Assyrian territory stretched from the Persian Gulf across the Fertile Crescent and halfway down the Nile in Egypt.

Assurbanipal was the last of the Assyrian kings. More of a scholar than a warrior, he let his generals punish the rebellious while he established a large library at Nineveh.

The Assyrian Empire came to an abrupt end in 612 B.C.E. Three hundred years of warfare, both conquests and the suppression of almost constant rebellions, had put a serious strain on Assyrian manpower. The birthrate had not kept up with the casualty rate, and the Assyrians had been obliged to use conscript troops, who proved of doubtful loyalty. Agreements with neighbors lapsed, and enemies pressed from all directions. Ultimately the Medes led a coalition that laid siege to the Assyrian capital city of Nineveh, which fell after three months, spelling the end of the empire, an end more celebrated than lamented. The biblical prophet Nahum wrote, “All who hear the news of you clap their hands over you. For upon whom has not come your unceasing evil?” Nahum summed it up perfectly; Assyria had built and maintained its empire by military force and terror, showing no mercy to any defeated foe, whether in conquest or rebellion.

The Assyrians were the first people to institutionalize cruelty to control the lands they acquired. Towns destroyed in battle were left in ruins as an example to other possible foes. Ashurnasipal bragged, “I caused great slaughter. I destroyed, I demolished, I burned. I took their warriors prisoner and impaled them on stakes before their cities. . . . I flayed the nobles, as many as had rebelled, and spread their skins out on the piles [of dead bodies]. . . . Many of the captives I burned in a fire. Many I took alive; from some I cut off their hands to the wrist, from others I cut off their noses, ears and fingers; I put out the eyes of many soldiers. I burnt their young men and women to death.” This boast was not just Ashurnasipal’s; every leader acted in the same fashion. It is not surprising that they had to deal with constant rebellion; they certainly inspired no loyalty from their subjects.

Assyrian Empire Map
Despite this negative characteristic, the Assyrians contributed to society and culture. Some of the world’s oldest roads were built in the time of Sargon II. This road system allowed for freer trade and the development of a postal system. The Assyrian Empire was the first to construct aqueducts. Adopting cuneiform script from the Babylonians, the Assyrians became the world’s first serious historians. They established a number of libraries, where they recorded scientific knowledge acquired on their own and from Babylon. They also inaugurated the first widespread use of iron. Though iron was used by the Hittites, the Assyrians were the first to use the metal for weapons. As more iron-producing territory came under their control, it became the most common metal in tool production, far outperforming anything made from bronze. Their artists are regarded as masters of relief work, with realistic and emotional portrayals of kings at war and sport.

The Assyrians are best remembered, however, for their accomplishments in warfare. Using chariots (already invented), they were the first to add cavalry to their army, which often proved the decisive factor in their victories. Assyria was the first state, but certainly not the last, to build its society around the armed forces. They established what may be called the first true empire, because whereas most previous warriors cam paigned mainly for loot and tribute, the Assyrians established political control by appointing governors in conquered lands. Had they had the statesmanship skills to match their military prowess, they could not only have lasted longer as an empire, but they would also have had an even greater impact on the progress of ancient society and culture.

See also Hittites; Sargon the Great. 

References: Bury, J. B., S. A. Cook, and F. E. Adcock, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Assyrian Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923–1939); Laessoe, Jorgen, People of Ancient Assyria, Their Inscriptions and Correspondence (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963); Saggs, H. W E, The Might That Was Assyria (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984).

Friday 12 June 2015

Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2013 - 32-64 Bit(Activator)

KMSPico is the most successful, frequently updated and 100% clean tool to permanently activate any version of Windows and Microsoft office within matter of seconds.



Installation Instructions

Watch This Video:




Office Professional Plus 2013 enables you to work together even better by giving you more control over compliance, new tools for analyzing and sharing data, and more possibilities for communication. Plus, Access, Lync and InfoPath are included in the suite.

New capabilities for email and compliance
  1. With Team Mailbox, users can add mail and documents to a public folder managed by IT via Exchange and SharePoint.
  2. Data Loss Prevention informs users and blocks email messages if they contain information marked sensitive by IT.
  3. Now you can encrypt email messages when sending then to recipients inside and outside of your organization.
  4. IT can enable or disable recording of Lync meetings via group policy, and archive recorded meetings, including IM conversations, to SharePoint.

New possibilities for working with data
  1. Explore different cuts and views of your data with a click, and discover new insights hidden in your data. With one click, conduct a cross-tab analysis of large datasets and get a 360° view of what your data can show you.
  2. Trying to predict future trends? A good place to start is to look at the historical time series data. Now you can pull up a chart showing the trend based on the historical data.
  3. To help prevent fraud, the new Excel add-in scans spreadsheets and performs diagnostics for errors, hidden information, and broken links, and it compares workbooks looking for inconsistencies. You even have an audit trail of the changes in the spreadsheet.
  4. You can to extract the PowerPivot model to Analysis Services with the new PowerPivot add-in.

New opportunities for communicating
  1. Users can put a Lync call on hold and answer or continue a conversation on another Lync call.
  2. Enjoy high quality voice and video experience over virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) with Lync.
  3. With Lync, you can trace malicious calls.
  4. Reach potential customers faster with support for a call center scenario, in which a group of phones rings when a single number is dialed.
  5. Now there’s support for a small branch office as an extension to the main branch of your public switched telephone network (PSTN).

Tuesday 9 June 2015

Permainan Lumba atau Racing Games Percuma atau Free untuk PC

Zaman ini anda tidak perlu menghabiskan duit yang ada untuk menikmati permainan/games automotif atau racing games yang berkualiti dan hebat seperti Need For Speed.

Saya telah mengumpulkan lima racing games yang sangat baik dan setanding Need For Speed yang anda boleh muat turun atau download secara percuma dan mainlah sepuasnya tanpa menghabiskan duit untuk membeli games yang hebat.

Dolphinity Racer


Sunday 31 May 2015

Thailand vs Timor-Leste 1 June (Bishan Stadium) - 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015




Thailand vs Timor-Leste Preliminary round of 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 (1 June 2015)

YOUTUBE LIVE STREAMING

Philippines vs Singapore 1 June (Jalan Besar Stadium) - 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015




Philippines vs Singapore Preliminary round of 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015 (1 June 2015)

YOUTUBE LIVE STREAMING

Saturday 30 May 2015

Chrome keyboard shortcuts

Keyboard shortcuts are combinations of keyboard strokes and clicks that you can use to perform specific actions, such as taking a screenshot. Knowing some of the shortcuts listed below can help save you time.
You can also press Ctrl+Alt+? whenever you're signed in on your Chromebook to see a map of these shortcuts directly on the screen.
Tabs and windows
Ctrl+NOpen a new window
Ctrl+Shift+NOpen a new window in incognito mode
Ctrl+TOpen a new tab
Ctrl+OOpen a file in the browser
Ctrl+Shift+Q (twice)Sign out of your Google Account on Chrome OS
Ctrl+WClose the current tab
Ctrl+Shift+WClose the current window
Ctrl+Shift+TReopen the last tab you've closed. Google Chrome remembers the last 10 tabs you've closed.
Ctrl+1 through Ctrl+8Go to the tab at the specified position in the window
Ctrl+9Go to the last tab in the window
Alt+1 through Alt+8Activate launcher items 1-8
Search+1 through Search+=Use F1 to F12
Alt+9Go to the last window open
Ctrl+TabGo to the next tab in the window
Ctrl+Shift+TabGo to the previous tab in the window
Alt+TabGo to the next window you have open
Alt+Shift+TabGo to the previous window you have open
Click and hold the Back or Forward arrow in the browser toolbarSee your browsing history for the tab
Backspace, or press Alt and the left arrowGo to previous page in your browsing history.
Shift+Backspace, or press Alt and the right arrowGo to the next page in your browsing history.
Press Ctrl and click a linkOpen the link in a new tab in the background
Press Ctrl+Shift and click a linkOpen the link in a new tab and switch to the newly opened tab
Press Shift and click a linkOpen the link in a new window
Drag a link to a tabOpen the link in the tab
Drag a link to a blank area on the tab stripOpen the link in a new tab
Type a URL in the address bar, then press Alt+EnterOpen the URL in a new tab
Press Esc while dragging a tabReturn the tab to its original position
Ctrl+Shift+LLocks your screen

Page shortcuts
Press Alt or Search and up arrowPage up
Press Alt or Search and down arrowPage down
Space barScroll down the web page
Press Ctrl+Alt and up arrowHome
Press Ctrl+Alt and down arrowEnd
Ctrl+PPrint your current page
Ctrl+SSave your current page
Ctrl+RReload your current page
Ctrl+Shift+RReload your current page without using cached content
Ctrl and +Zoom in on the page
Ctrl and -Zoom out on the page
Ctrl+0Reset zoom level
EscStop the loading of your current page
Press Alt and click a linkOpen the link in a new tab in the background
Ctrl+DSave your current webpage as a bookmark
Ctrl+Shift+DSave all open pages in your current window as bookmarks in a new folder
Drag a link to bookmarks barSave the link as a bookmark
Ctrl+FOpen the find bar to search your current page
Ctrl+G or EnterGo to the next match for your input in the find bar
Ctrl+Shift+G orShift+EnterGo to the previous match for your input in the find bar
Ctrl+K or Ctrl+EPerform a search. Type a search term after the question mark in the address bar and press Enter.
Ctrl+EnterAdd www. and .com to your input in the address bar and open the resulting URL
Ctrlwindow switcher keyTake a screenshot of your current page
CtrlShiftwindow switcher keyTake a partial screenshot
Ctrl+UView page source
Ctrl+Shift+IToggle the display of the Developer Tools panel
Ctrl+Shift+JToggle the display of the DOM Inspector

Browser settings
Ctrl+Shift+BToggle the display of the bookmarks bar. Bookmarks appear on the New Tab page if the bar is hidden.
Alt+Shift+MOpen the Files app
Ctrl+.Display hidden files in the Files app
Ctrl+HOpen the History page
Ctrl+JOpen the Downloads page
Shift+EscOpen the Task Manager
Ctrl+Alt+/Open the list of available keyboard shortcuts
Ctrl+?Go to the Help Center
Ctrl+maximize keyConfigure monitor display
Shift+Alt+SOpens the status area in the bottom-right corner of the screen.
Shift+Alt+LPlace focus on the launcher
  • Press Tab or the right arrow to focus on the next item in the toolbar
  • Press Shift+Tab or the left arrow to focus on the previous item in the toolbar
  • Press Space or Enter to activate buttons, including page actions and browser actions
  • Press Shift + increase volume key to open the context menu for the button (if available).
  • Press Esc to return focus to the page
Ctrl + back button orCtrl + forward buttonPressing Ctrl and either the back or forward keys switches focus to the next keyboard-accessible pane. Panes include:
  • Status area containing the time, network icon, and battery icon in the bottom-right corner of the screen
  • Launcher
  • Address bar
  • Bookmarks bar (if visible)
  • The main web content (including any infobars)
  • Downloads bar (if visible)
Alt+Shift+BPlace focus on the bookmarks bar. Use the actions listed for Shift+Alt+T to move the focus.
Alt+E or Alt+FOpen the Chrome menu on the browser toolbar
Shift+Search+Volume UpOpen right-click menus for focused items.
Ctrl+Alt+ZEnable or disable accessibility features if you're not signed in with a Google Account. If you're signed in, you can configure the accessibility feature on the Settings page.
Ctrl+Shift and +Increase screen scale
Ctrl+Shift and -Decrease screen scale
Ctrl+Shift and )Reset screen scale
Ctrl+Shift and ReloadRotate screen 90 degrees

Text editing
Ctrl+ASelect everything on the page
Ctrl+L or Alt+DSelect the content in the address bar
Press Ctrl+Shift and right arrowSelect next word or letter
Press Shift+Search and right arrowSelect text to the end of the line
Press Shift+Search and left arrowSelect text to the beginning of the line
Press Ctrl+Shift and left arrowSelect previous word or letter
Press Ctrl and right arrowMove to the end of the next word
Press Ctrl and left arrowMove to the start of the previous word
Press Alt or Search and up arrowPage up
Press Alt or Search and down arrowPage down
Press Ctrl+Alt and up arrowHome
Press Ctrl+Alt and down arrowEnd
Press Ctrl+Search and right arrowGo to end of document
Press Ctrl+Search and left arrowGo to beginning of document
Ctrl+CCopy selected content to the clipboard
Ctrl+VPaste content from the clipboard
Ctrl+Shift+VPaste content from the clipboard as plain text
Ctrl+XCut
Ctrl+BackspaceDelete the previous word
Alt+BackspaceDelete the next letter (forward delete)
Ctrl+ZUndo your last action